Introduction: This article first introduces the development status and supporting policies of the distributed energy industry in the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan, and analyzes the development status, policies, standards and specifications of the distributed energy industry in China. to sum up.
1 OverviewDistributed energy is a new form of energy supply system. It is a distributed energy supply system that generates electricity, heat and cooling energy by consuming primary energy natural gas based on the concept of comprehensive energy cascade utilization. The national “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†outlines the development of distributed energy projects to a new height. As the country's economy is steadily improving, environmental protection requirements continue to increase, the demand for clean energy will continue to grow, and investment in distributed energy projects will continue to increase. This paper analyzes the current development status of distributed energy in the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan, and analyzes the development status of domestic distributed energy, to provide a reference for the industry's next development.
2. Overview of foreign industry developmentAccording to the "Electric Power Development Trend" released by the International Energy Agency (InternaTIonal Energy Agency, IEA) in 2015, the total installed power generation capacity of OECD countries reached 2794GW in 2013, of which gas-fired generating units accounted for 21.7%. Developed countries such as the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan are among the best in the world in terms of policy support for distributed energy projects, the number of operating projects, and the technical level of the industry.
2.1 United States
2.1.1 Development status
The United States is one of the earliest countries in the world to develop distributed energy. Since 1978, it has advocated the development of small gas-fired distributed cogeneration technology. According to statistics, in 2000, there were 980 distributed energy projects for commercial and public buildings in the United States with installed power generation capacity of approximately 4.9GW; 1016 industrial distributed energy projects with installed power generation capacity of approximately 45.5GW. After the "California Power Outage" accident, the US government will promote distributed cogeneration systems as a long-term development plan to improve energy supply security and set a clear strategic goal: strive to build new office buildings or commercial buildings by 2020 China will increase the proportion of distributed energy technology to 50%, and transform 15% of the existing building's energy supply system into a distributed energy model. The distributed energy project's installed power generation capacity will reach 187GW, accounting for 29% of the country's total installed capacity %. At present, the US Department of Energy believes that the development potential of distributed energy in the United States is still 110-150GW, of which the distributed energy potential in the industrial sector is 70-90GW, and the distributed energy potential in the commercial and civilian sectors is 40-60GW.
2.1.2 Supporting policies
The distributed energy policy of the US government is mainly reflected in the reduction of some investment taxes, the shortening of the depreciation period of assets, the simplification of operating permit procedures, the integration of projects into the grid, and the mobilization of project investment. These supporting policies improve the economics of the project and encourage and promote the development of distributed energy projects.
2.2 Denmark
2.2.1 Development status
Denmark is one of the most energy efficient countries in the world. More than 80% of district heating sources use combined heat and power generation, which reflects the most effective way to use limited resources, thereby bringing economic advantages and environmental protection advantages, while increasing GDP, it does not bring excessive energy consumption And environmental pollution. In Denmark's distributed energy system, its energy is mainly contributed by wind power and coal-fired power generation, and the proportion of natural gas is not high. Since 1990, the newly added electricity in Denmark has mainly relied on distributed energy systems, especially industrial users and small regionalized distributed energy power stations (thermal power stations) and renewable energy projects. In the future, one of the development directions of distributed energy in Denmark is to change the fuel of regional thermal power plants to natural gas, garbage and biomass.
2.2.2 Supporting policies
Compared with traditional coal-fired power plants, distributed energy systems can save 28% of fuel and reduce CO2 emissions by 47%, with high energy efficiency. Therefore, Denmark is the country with the most distributed energy policies in the world and requires strict implementation. Among them, the energy tax rebate and low-interest loan policies provide strong support for project investment.
2.3 United Kingdom
2.3.1 Development status
According to the "Energy Statistics Report" released by the UK government agency Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in 2008, the total installed capacity of gas-fired generating units in the UK reached 5.47GW, and the electricity generated accounted for 7% of the country's total electricity generation. In 2012, the total installed power generation capacity of the United Kingdom was 89.2GW, of which gas-fired generating units accounted for 28% of the total installed capacity. As the United Kingdom vigorously promotes distributed energy systems, in the past 20 years, more than 1,000 projects have been installed in public places such as business centers, hospitals, schools, airports, office buildings, including office buildings of British government agencies. Therefore, the comprehensive energy utilization efficiency is improved. The British government also requires that power generation project developers consider the feasibility of distributed energy technologies when reporting on projects. The British Energy Production Outlook report released by the British Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) in 2016 shows that natural gas power generation has accounted for 45% of the total power generation. The United Kingdom will cancel all coal-fired power plants by 2025.
2.3.2 Supporting policies
The UK will implement a climate change tax on April 10, 2001. The initial tax rate will increase electricity costs by 0.43 pence / (kW˙h) and coal and gas charges by 0.15 pence / (kW˙h). However, distributed energy projects do not need to pay climate change taxes, and are expected to save 20% of energy costs. It stipulates that distributed energy projects represented by combined heat and power will allow direct sales of a certain amount of electricity.
2.4 Japan
2.4.1 Development status
Restricted by resources and location, Japan uses distributed energy power generation, solar power generation, wind power generation and other energy utilization methods to reduce dependence on energy imports. Especially after the Fukushima nuclear power plant was shut down for leakage, the construction of distributed energy projects started to be accelerated. As of the end of 2010, the installed power generation capacity of distributed energy projects in Japan ’s commercial and industrial fields reached 9.44GW, of which 6,319 were commercial projects, mainly used in hospitals, restaurants, and public leisure and entertainment facilities; 7473 industrial projects, mainly Used in chemical, manufacturing, power, steel and other industries.
2.4.2 Supporting policies
Fuel and electricity prices are related to the economics of distributed energy projects. The Japanese government guarantees the return on investment of distributed energy projects through special taxes, low interest loans, investment subsidies, and new technology development subsidies, and vigorously promotes distributed energy projects to improve energy efficiency.
3. Overview of domestic industrial development3.1 Development status
In 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the document "Guiding Opinions on the Development of Distributed Natural Gas Energy" (2011) No. 2196 (hereinafter referred to as "Fujiai Energy [2011] No. 2196), and the main tasks proposed were: During the construction period, about 1000 natural gas distributed energy projects and about 10 distributed energy demonstration areas with various typical characteristics will be built. "The proposed goal is:" The distributed energy project installed scale during the "13th Five-Year Plan period" will reach 50GW, accounting for the whole country. Nearly 3% of the total installed power capacity, and 50% of the installed capacity of natural gas power generation, initially realize the industrialization of distributed energy equipment. "
As of the end of 2014, the China Urban Gas Association Distributed Energy Professional Committee (hereinafter referred to as CDEC) counted 104 distributed energy projects in China that have been built or under construction, with a installed power generation capacity of 3.8GW, accounting for 0.28 of the total installed power generation capacity of the country %, Of which the building type is 0.15GW and the regional type is 3.65GW. By the end of 2015, China's natural gas distributed energy projects had grown to 205, and the total installed power generation capacity exceeded 7.5GW, of which 105 were already built, 35 were under construction, and 65 were under construction. Comparing with the main task indicators proposed in Document No. 2196 of Development and Reform Energy [2011], the completion rate only reached 20.5%.
China's distributed energy projects are mainly distributed in the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Sichuan and Chongqing, and the installed capacity accounts for about 70%. The details of China's natural gas distributed energy projects released by CDEC in 2015 are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the proportion of the number is the ratio of the number of natural gas distributed energy projects in the target area to the total number of domestic natural gas distributed energy projects, and the proportion of installed capacity is the installed capacity of the natural gas distributed energy project in the target area and the domestic natural gas distributed energy project. The ratio of the total installed capacity.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the overall development of distributed energy projects in China is: the largest number of coastal cities, followed by Sichuan and Chongqing.
3.2 Supporting policies and standards
The development process of China's distributed energy industry is similar to that of foreign countries. Policies from macro encouragement to substantial support have played an important role in promoting the healthy development of the distributed energy industry. After 2011, China's distributed energy industry policies have been released intensively, and the support has gradually become substantial. In order to further prepare for the early stage of distributed energy projects, the main policies and standards in force in China are now sorted out. Project investment and construction units should fully study these documents. China's distributed energy related policies and standards are shown in Table 2. The "-" in Table 2 indicates that there is no document number.
The laws and regulations, technical standards, tax subsidy policies and other distributed energy related documents formulated by developed countries cover all aspects of the distributed energy industry chain from development planning, technology research and development, investment and construction to operation and maintenance. Fuel tax exemption, power access priority, power grid incentives, electricity price formation, income distribution mechanism and other aspects related to the distribution of benefits are mandatory to support industrial development.
The development of China's distributed energy industry is still in its infancy. It is heavily influenced by policies, lacks overall development plans, lacks financial subsidies and other policies, and the implementation and support of national policies vary greatly in different regions, seriously affecting the development of distributed energy projects Enthusiasm and economy.
In the developed countries and regions such as the United States, due to the distributed energy system's resource assurance capabilities and stability, as well as equipment maturity, etc., distributed energy has developed in an all-round way and has grown rapidly, becoming an important development direction for the energy industry in the country or region. And support.
China's distributed energy projects are too concentrated in the economically developed areas of North China, East China, and South China, with uneven development among the regions. The reason for this is that users in these economically developed regions have a strong ability to withstand energy prices, have large load demands, and a favorable geographical location facilitates access to natural gas resources.
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