Recently, the US Department of Transportation announced that in response to the security problems brought about by the rapid development of driverless vehicles, the US driverless car policy will be revised in the coming weeks. The U.S. Department of Transportation has always been cautious about the safety of driverless cars. Two years ago, it began to strengthen the supervision of driverless cars, and demanded that driverless cars can only be used for testing, and should not be used on public roads. drive. Nowadays, the development of driverless cars is rapid, and the performance of Google driverless cars in California, Nevada, Michigan and other states has not been able to meet the requirements of driverless car promotion. With adjustments, it is expected that driverless cars will become the focus of discussion on US technology policy in 2016. In the context of the unmanned car has become the trend of the times, not only the United States, Europe, Japan and China are also very concerned about the safety of driverless cars, how to achieve the safe development of driverless cars, but also from regulations, standards and technologies, etc. Prepare in many ways.
First, driverless cars are developing rapidly, and safety is the focus of attention.
(1) Major auto companies and IT giants have laid out driverless cars
Internationally, Toyota, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volvo, GM, Audi, Tesla and other automakers have released unmanned driving plans, most of which have entered the road test phase, and it is expected that the first batch of driverless cars will be put on the market. Around 2020; Google, Apple, Nokia, Qualcomm, Intel's IT companies are not to be outdone, and are aggressively entering the field of driverless cars. Among them, Google's driverless cars are the most prominent. In 2009, Google's driverless cars. The car began to test on the road; in 2012, Google won the first "auto-driving" license in Nevada, USA. The current test mileage has exceeded 2 million kilometers. Only 11 minor accidents caused no casualties have occurred, and none of them are unmanned. The safety caused by the fault of driving a car is excellent. In 2014, Google introduced a low-speed fully automatic model. The car has only two seats and is completely powered by electric power. It adopts only "start" and "end". The subversive design of the buttons.
Domestically, FAW, SAIC, GAC, Geely, BYD (002594, shares) and many other car companies and defense science and technology universities, military transportation colleges, China Aerospace Science and Technology Aerospace Technology Research Institute and other research institutes, universities and universities are involved In the research and development and testing of driving vehicles, in 2011, the Hongqi HQ3 unmanned vehicle independently developed by the National University of Defense Technology completed the high-speed full-range unmanned test from Changsha to Wuhan for 286 kilometers for the first time, with an average speed of 87 km/h and manual intervention mileage. Accounted for 0.78% of the total mileage; in 2012, the driverless car modified by the Military Transportation College completed a 114-kilometre test between Beijing and Tianjin, with an average speed of 79 km/h, except for the human intervention through the toll booth. Driving, the intelligent level of this driverless test is close to the world's advanced level.
(2) Governments attach great importance to the development of driverless vehicles
On the international front, the United States has passed legislation and issued licenses to support the development of driverless cars. In 2011, Nevada passed a law to test the legalization of self-driving cars in the state. In 2012, Google issued the first “auto-driving†license for Google, allowing Google driverless cars to test on the road, followed by California, Florida, and Michigan. They have also passed relevant laws and issued test licenses for driverless cars. In November 2015, the US Department of Transportation plans to revise the US driverless car policy to accommodate the development of driverless cars. With the revision of the 2014 United Nations Convention on Road Traffic, 72 countries including European countries, Mexico, Brazil and Russia will revise road traffic regulations. The original “every driver must always control the driving of the car. "Modified as: As long as there is a driver on the car and can return the car to manual mode at any time, the self-driving car can be allowed to exercise on public roads. The door that marked the driving of driverless cars on these roads was opened.
Domestically, the government encourages the development of driverless cars through multiple channels. The special funds for the development of the Internet of Things have given strong support to the development of driverless vehicles; "Made in China 2025" clearly stated that "by 2020, master the overall technology and key technologies of intelligent assisted driving, and initially establish an independent research and development system for intelligent networked vehicles. And production supporting system; by 2025, master the overall technology of autopilot and various key technologies, establish a relatively complete intelligent networked car independent research and development system, production supporting system and industrial cluster, and basically complete the development goal of the automotive industry transformation and upgrading." In April 2015, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed to build an intelligent network connection vehicle development platform to promote intelligent network connection vehicles. In July, China's first intelligent network connection vehicle demonstration area will be opened in Shanghai.
(3) The safety of driverless cars has become the focus of controversy
Optimists believe that driverless cars are safer. First of all, the driverless car is set by the sensor to set the road condition and potential danger, and the computer controls various actions, never fatigue, and can always concentrate on "attention" to observe the driving environment. Secondly, driverless cars are responsive, and once they are in danger, they can make timely judgments and take measures such as avoidance and braking. Third, driverless cars will strictly follow the traffic laws and regulations, and will not violate the regulations, thus effectively avoiding traffic accidents caused by violations. It is an important cause of accidents.
The pessimistic side believes that driverless cars are not safe, but will bring new security risks. On the one hand, driverless cars need to be equipped with a large number of sensors and complex control systems. Once a sensor fails or the control system fails, the vehicle may lose control. Imagine a high-speed unmanned car, highlighting the "crash" "I am afraid that an accident is inevitable." On the other hand, a highly intelligent system may become the target of hacker attacks. Once the hacker has control, not only the information of the vehicle and the owner of the vehicle is leaked, but the vehicle may also become a tool for kidnapping the owner, or even maliciously causing traffic accidents, creating terrorist attacks, etc. .
When the driverless car matures, it will be safer. Studies have shown that more than 80% of traffic accidents are related to factors such as fatigue driving, inattention, and misjudgment. The driver's brakes are 1 second later, and the speed of 80 km/h will travel about 22 meters. The consequences can be Imagine it. Unmanned vehicles can automatically detect the risk factors in the driving environment, and automatically take measures such as deceleration, braking, and avoidance to avoid accidents. These processes react more quickly than people. To achieve the above-mentioned safety functions, unmanned vehicles need to solve problems such as regulations, standards, technologies, control system safety and information security.
Second, several issues that need attention in the safe development of driverless cars in China
(1) Regulatory issues
Due to the rapid development and subversive design of driverless vehicles, there will be many contradictions with the current regulations. How to resolve conflicts requires in-depth study. If the driverless car is legal, the United States, Japan, etc. have already issued test licenses for driverless cars. Although China has conducted many unmanned car tests, it has not issued relevant licenses; whether driverless cars need to drive Employees and driver's licenses, China's current regulations require drivers to obtain a driver's license. They must wear seat belts during driving, not to mention no drivers. The responsibility for traffic accidents in driverless cars is borne by the driver or by the car manufacturer. Whether the relevant insurance system also needs to be adjusted.
(2) Standard questions
The development of intelligent car can be divided into four stages: driver assistance, semi-automatic driving, high automatic driving, and full automatic driving (unmanned driving). At present, the first phase of the mainstream models has been basically popularized, the second phase is becoming popular, and the third phase of the prototype has also emerged. With the development of automotive intelligence, more and more intelligent devices and systems will be equipped in the car. Such as ESP, ADAS, AEB, etc., but China's driverless car standard system has not been established, many automotive intelligent devices and systems have problems such as lack of standards, lag, etc., taking ESC/ESP as an example, the United States, Europe and other countries and regions The mandatory standards for passenger cars and commercial vehicles have been introduced, and the national standard for light-duty ESPs in China has just been implemented in July 2015, and the standard is a recommended standard. The ESP standard for commercial vehicles has not yet been introduced.
(3) Technical issues
Mastering core technologies and improving technical reliability are necessary conditions for the safe development of driverless cars. At present, the development of China's intelligent automotive core technology lags behind, and the reliability of domestic technology is worrying. The key components of electronic components, sensors and chip technology required for smart cars are seriously lacking in autonomy. Advanced vehicle control systems and safety systems are far from the United States, Japan, and Europe. For example, companies that can do ESC/ESP in China. There are only a handful of products, most of which are low-end products with poor reliability.
(4) Control system security and information security issues
The control system safety and information security of driverless cars should be highly valued. The more intelligent the vehicle is, the more complicated the control system is, and the more serious the system safety and information security problems are. Once the vehicle is driven, The hacker's malicious control not only reveals the information of the owner and the vehicle, but also may cause traffic accidents and even become a tool for terrorist attacks. At present, some vehicle control systems have been proved to have potential security threats, such as hackers attacking Ford SUVs and Toyota Pus, which remotely damaged the brakes and steering systems of these vehicles.
Third, countermeasures and recommendations
(1) Improve the system of driverless car regulations
First, strengthen the overall planning and top-level design of driverless vehicles, improve the regulatory support system, and issue guidance documents for driverless vehicles as soon as possible; second, amend the current Road Traffic Safety Law and other regulations to provide roads for driverless cars. The test provides regulatory support; the third is to develop or revise relevant regulations for unmanned vehicles on-road test issues, to issue test licenses or temporary test licenses for unmanned vehicles on-road testing; and fourth, to explore the establishment of new insurance for the development of driverless vehicles. mechanism.
(2) Establishing a standard system for driverless cars
First, strengthen the top-level design of the driverless vehicle standard system and establish a standard system framework; second, focus on automotive intelligent technologies and products that can play a key role in traffic safety, such as automotive electronic stability control systems (ESP/ESC), automobiles. Automatic braking system (AEB), etc., research and develop a number of national mandatory standards to accelerate the process of automotive intelligence; third, to address the immature problems of many domestic automotive intelligent technologies, in order to avoid the high cost brought by technology introduction, Reasonably determine the implementation date of the standard and reserve technical development time for relevant enterprises.
(3) Strengthening the core technology breakthrough of driverless vehicles
First, on the basis of the existing support funds for driverless vehicles, strengthen the research and development support for key components, advanced control systems and information security technologies such as electronic components, sensors and chip technologies; explore the establishment of multi-channel R&D investment The system encourages insurance companies, technology companies, car companies and other funds to participate in the research and development of core technologies for driverless vehicles. For example, learning from foreign experience, establishing insurance funds to participate in the investment mechanism for automotive active safety technology research and development. Second, encourage car companies to carry out in-depth cooperation with research institutes and universities, establish joint innovation mechanisms and personnel training mechanisms, enhance the independent innovation capability of enterprises, and drive the development of driverless vehicles with innovation.
(4) Guide the marketization of active safety technology for automobiles
Formulate relevant guiding policies and encourage a group of relatively mature automotive active safety key technologies to be market-oriented. If insurance preferential policies are formulated and the vehicle is equipped with active safety devices, the safety level will be greatly improved, the accident rate will be significantly reduced, the insurance company's compensation costs will be greatly reduced, and the profitability will be greatly improved. According to the principle of “who benefits and who pays the billâ€, The insurance company gave up part of the benefits, and discounted the insurance costs for vehicles equipped with active safety devices to achieve a "win-win" situation in which the popularity of active safety devices and the profitability of insurance companies improved.
Introduction
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Standards
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