A lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. Lithium-ion battery cathode material mainly includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickelate, ternary materials, and lithium iron phosphate. Lithium cobaltate is the cathode material used in most lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate battery featuresHigh efficiency output: standard discharge is 2～5C, continuous high current discharge up to 10C, instantaneous pulse discharge (10S) up to 20C;
Good performance at high temperatures: when the external temperature is 65°C, the internal temperature is as high as 95°C; when the battery is discharged, the temperature can reach 160°C; the structure of the battery is safe and intact;
Even if the battery is damaged inside or outside, the battery does not burn, does not explode, and has the best safety;
Excellent cycle life, after 500 cycles, its discharge capacity is still greater than 95%;
Over-discharge to zero volt is also not damaged;
Fast charge;
low cost;
No memory effect: Rechargeable batteries are often operated under full-load conditions, and the capacity will quickly fall below the rated capacity. This phenomenon is called the memory effect. Nickel-metal hydride and nickel cadmium batteries have memory, but lithium iron phosphate batteries do not have this phenomenon. The battery can be charged and used no matter what state it is in, and it is not necessary to discharge and charge first;
Small size, light weight, the same size of the capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery is 1/3 of the volume of lead-acid battery, the weight is 1/3 of the lead-acid battery;
No pollution to the environment, the battery does not contain any heavy metals and rare metals (nickel-metal hydride batteries require rare metals), non-toxic (SGS certification passed), no pollution, in line with European ROHS regulations, for the absolute green battery. Lead-acid batteries have a large amount of lead, and if they are handled improperly after being discarded, they will still cause secondary pollution to the environment, and lithium iron phosphate materials will not be polluted during production and use.
A123, a subsidiary of Universal Group, is a company in the United States that specializes in the development and production of lithium-ion batteries and energy storage systems. The following takes the universal A123 power lithium battery as an example, to take a look at the performance of the universal lithium iron phosphate battery.
A123 company mainly provides lithium iron phosphate cathode material, at the same time the main attack power lithium battery market, and the vehicle lithium battery as the key development direction. A123 Lithium Ion also solves the problems that affect power lithium batteries in terms of high power, safety and long life.
A123 lithium iron phosphate battery performance:Power: High-energy products with a density of 140W·h/kg, an output density of up to 3000W/kg, and a high-power pulse discharge rate up to 100C (100 times the nominal capacity of the current discharge);
The high power capacity density reaches 140W·h/kg, and the output density reaches 3000W/kg;
Medium-power products have higher performance and efficiency advantages;
Safety: It has superior abuse tolerance after being verified by laboratories in multiple countries and multiple automotive customers.
Cycle Life: A123's Nanophosphate technology offers superior performance and cycle life. In the low-interest cycle, it can provide thousands of cycles, even in the 10C cycle, providing over 1,000 complete cycles.
Lithium iron phosphate battery is BYD's completely self-developed domestic lithium battery, huge investment, it is now a mature product, but also has been widely used in the country; although compared with foreign lithium battery products, the characteristics of lithium iron phosphate battery is not very perfect However, because of its existence, it broke the monopoly of foreign technology and created a path for us to go our own lithium battery R&D route. Therefore, we highly admire its spirit. In addition, BYD insists on using lithium iron phosphate batteries will not explode. In addition, we must first clarify the key factors and support for the development of China's new energy vehicles, and then compare the current situation and development direction of Sanyuan and lithium iron phosphate in view of the reality of our industry.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of ternary and lithium iron phosphate batteries:1. If we continue to develop three yuan, our power lithium battery will always be in a catch-up state, not only will it not be able to achieve overtaking and will lose the safety of new energy vehicles.
At present, the core technologies of modified lithium manganate and ternary lithium are in the hands of Japanese and South Korean companies. In particular, Sanyuan Lithium, whether it is technology, process or equipment, leading the Japanese and South Korean industries have reached a very mature and stable stage. If the development direction of China's new energy vehicle power battery is located in the development of three yuan lithium battery, not only long-term catch up with Japan and South Korea business status, but also because of the lack of key technologies, processes and equipment, has fallen into a development bottleneck. Technology is severely constrained by Japanese and South Korean companies, and the scale is far less than Japanese and South Korean business giants. Samsung SDI once reduced the battery sales price of 18650-2.2AH to US$1 per month this year, and it almost forced its domestic counterparts to desperation.
In the case that the performance and price of the domestic three yuan battery cannot be compared with the Japanese and South Korean giants, if we insist on the three yuan route on the new energy vehicle battery, I am afraid that we are still on the way and have been killed by international giants. There is no way to talk about cornering overtaking. The end result will be the same as traditional car development. High-end cars and core technologies will still originate from international giants. Even if we leave the market, we will not be able to replace the core technology.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries are different. Japanese and South Korean companies are basically not involved, and the main international competitors are from the United States. Although there are two basic patents in the United States (A123 and Valence are the main representatives of the American lithium iron phosphate battery), the level of technology between China and the United States is not much different, and China is the world's largest investment in the field of lithium iron phosphate, the largest number of production and sales s country.
With the acquisition of A123 by Wanxiang Group, in fact, Chinese companies have mastered the world's most advanced technologies and processes for lithium iron phosphate batteries. The absolute advantages of lithium iron phosphate batteries in terms of safety and cycle life compared to Sanyuan Lithium are the key elements and development needs of China's new energy vehicles. As long as it is clear about its development status and the advantage of investing in solidification, China’s new energy vehicles will be completely at risk of overtaking.
2. To choose ternary products, the top-level design lacks forward-looking nature, global nickel and cobalt resources are tight, and its large number of applications will cause market prices to skyrocket. In particular, the storage of these two elements in China cannot be supported at all.
Lithium-ion battery material formulations, whether it is lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide, nickel-cobalt lithium-aluminate, are inseparable from the two precious metals, namely cobalt and nickel. Both of these metals are scarce in China and their global reserves are limited. Among them, the use of cobalt in China is required to be imported at more than 90%. Nickel is mainly used for the production of stainless steel. Both of these precious metals have international futures trading. The price is not only high but also fluctuates greatly.
If China decides to use ternary lithium battery as its main power battery development route, according to the government's plan, by 2020, the production capacity of new energy vehicles will reach 2 million, and the number of new energy vehicles will reach 5 million. According to the calculation of the average power of 80KWH per new energy vehicle, the battery required for the 5 million new energy vehicles will reach 400 billion WH batteries. This does not include replacement and backup batteries. Once this demand is brought to the market, it will quickly promote the soaring price of cobalt and nickel futures, which will drive the spot market price to skyrocket. The future price trend of Sanyuan Lithium will rise in a straight line. One of the reasons why China's new energy vehicle promotion fails to meet the policy's expected goal is that prices remain high. Among them, the most important reason is that the price of power lithium batteries that occupy nearly 50% of the cost of new energy vehicles has remained high. The result of the three-way route is that the prices of new energy vehicles are even higher, requiring more subsidies from the government and never being marketized.
Lithium iron phosphate battery is just the opposite, does not contain any precious metals, and the main raw material for the production of cathode materials iron oxide, lithium carbonate reserves in China is very rich. If the market demand for downstream new energy vehicles is enlarged, the upstream materials will be driven down by the economies of scale, and the cost will drop. The decline in the price of cathode materials that account for more than 30% of the cost of lithium iron phosphate batteries will prompt the rapid decline in the price of lithium iron phosphate batteries. .
3. In terms of vehicle safety design, China's new energy vehicles use ternary lithium battery as a power battery, and there will be huge potential safety risks.
Tesla caught fire on three occasions, one of which was caused by scratching the battery, but due to Tesla's complete vehicle safety design, three fires did not cause casualties. The deoxygenation temperature of the ternary material is 200° C., and the exothermic energy exceeds 800 J/g. The ternary lithium battery cannot pass the needle punching test, which indicates that the ternary battery can easily cause a safety accident in the case of an internal short circuit.
At present, China's new energy vehicle vehicle safety design, in the short term can not be reached Tesla's level, the use of three yuan lithium battery as a new energy vehicle power battery there is a huge security risk. Regarding passengers' life safety, this safety hidden danger is even unacceptable even if it has a probability of one in 100,000. Lithium iron phosphate battery stability at high temperatures, up to 390 °C, to ensure the battery's inherent high security, will not be overcharged, over-temperature, short circuit, impact explosion and burning, can easily pass the needle experiment. This security feature is most appropriate for China's young energy auto industry.
4. From the consumption characteristics and habits of China's new energy vehicle use objects, Sanyuan Lithium is not suitable for the Chinese new energy vehicle power battery.
Tesla is known as "the rich's toy", and the battery capacity design cruising range is 400KM, but most of the time, the actual operation is about 200KM, which is shallow and shallow, so the cycle life is guaranteed. However, most of China's new energy vehicles are used for public transportation, government services, special vehicles, and resident passenger vehicles. The characteristics of their use are that most of them have fixed lines and frequency requirements every day. They are deep-charged and deep-discharged, and Sanyuan Li-ion battery has a DOD of 95% or more. In the next, the capacity decays quickly and the cycle life is only less than half that of the lithium iron phosphate battery. New energy vehicles use more than 8 years on average. Lithium-ion battery will maintain 80% capacity if it is under deep charge and deep discharge conditions. The life of ternary lithium battery will be less than three years, while lithium iron phosphate battery can basically satisfy 8 years. The use of the request.
Under the current state-subsidy-related subsidy policies, the first purchase of new energy vehicles has a corresponding government subsidy, but there is no subsidy for secondary purchases of batteries. Three-cell lithium batteries need to be replaced twice in the life cycle of new energy vehicles, which will greatly increase the economic burden on users and will not be accepted by end users. If Sanyuan Li-Ion is to obtain the same service life as Lithium Iron Phosphate, it can only be shallow and shallow, and at least 50% more battery capacity is required. In this way, the advantage of higher energy density will be lost, the volume will be larger than the same performance of lithium iron phosphate battery, the battery weight will be heavier, and its price is much higher than that of lithium iron phosphate battery.
Lithium iron phosphate battery will be the most suitable for the future development of electric vehicles:It can be predicted that the future development of pure electric passenger cars and special vehicles will have the following characteristics: First, three types of vehicles will be formed, namely, 1.3 tons or less, 1.3 to 1.7 tons and 1.7 tons or more. Corresponding to each kWh, the cruising range is 10km, 8km and 6km, corresponding to the weight of the assembled battery, and they are about 300KG, 500KG and 800KG, respectively. The second is that all batteries are equipped with DC fast charging and AC slow charging. Third, new materials will be used in both the body and the chassis, and lighter composite materials such as aluminum alloys and carbon fiber composites will be used.
Therefore, the development of China's electric vehicles in the future will not be a major problem in terms of the power battery's requirement that its energy density is a little higher, because the entire vehicle is designed with safety and gravity stability, and it needs to maintain a certain weight. The body and chassis are lighter, and the battery is heavier. It will be a new type of automotive system design. The body and chassis will be lightweight, and the lithium iron phosphate battery pack will be designed to ensure the body weight and body center of gravity are stable.
The key to the widespread popularization of new energy vehicles is the use of safety, stable and reliable performance, and low cost. Only in this way can they be accepted by the market and enjoyed by the general public.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries, which can guarantee a combined energy density of 100 to 120 WH/KG, plus its best safety and predictable economy, will surely be the best choice for the development of new energy vehicle power batteries in China.
We only have no doubts, no slackings and no torment. I believe that after 20 years, China’s new energy vehicles are already in full swing, and their hearts must be lithium iron phosphate power batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate power battery has the above characteristics, and it produces various kinds of batteries with different capacities, and it is widely used very quickly. Its main application areas are:
Large-scale electric vehicles: buses, electric cars, tour buses, and hybrid vehicles;
Light electric vehicles: electric bicycles, golf carts, small flat-panel battery vehicles, forklifts, cleaning vehicles, electric wheelchairs, etc.;
Power tools: drills, chainsaws, mowers, etc.
Remote control cars, boats, aircraft and other toys;
Solar and wind energy storage equipment;
UPS and emergency lights, warning lights and miner's lamps (best security);
Replace the 3V disposable lithium battery and 9V nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery (the same size) in the camera;
Small medical equipment and portable instruments.
Here is an example of an application of a lithium iron phosphate power battery instead of a lead-acid battery. A 36V/10Ah (360Wh) lead-acid battery with a weight of 12kg can be used to run about 50km with a single charge, and the number of charging is about 100. The use time is about 1 year. If you use lithium iron phosphate power battery, using the same 360Wh energy (12 10Ah battery connected in series), its weight is about 4kg, you can walk about 80km once charging, the number of charging up to 1000 times, the service life of up to 3 to 5 years. Although the price of lithium iron phosphate power battery is much higher than that of lead-acid battery, the overall economic effect is still better with lithium iron phosphate power battery, and it is lighter to use.
Dongguan SOLEPIN Electronics Co., Ltd , https://www.wentae.com