Another eye observation: LED lighting talk about energy saving is too early?

At present, the technical level of LED lighting products, LED lighting products are more energy-efficient, the key lies in product design, application areas and corresponding traditional light source products. But behind the optimistic figures, have we ever thought about it. If LED lighting is as good as that of manufacturers and market research organizations, why are incandescent bulbs and T9 fluorescent lamps still our common light source? Why are we not easy to buy LED lighting products?

LED lighting development status

Lighting is the basic needs of human beings, and lighting also represents the level of economic activity. In recent years, due to global economic growth, continued urbanization, and the expansion of non-urban power grids, factors such as the increase in general buildings and manufacturing industries have led to rapid growth in lighting demand and continued growth in energy consumption.

According to IEA statistics, in 2005, the global artificial light source used 2,651 Twh (Taiwatt-hour) power, accounting for 19% of the total global power generation. The total lighting cost was US$356 billion, accounting for 1.2% of global GDP. About US$ 234 billion, lighting and labor costs are about US$122.0 billion. A total of 1900 million tons of CO2 emissions are generated, equivalent to 70% of global light vehicle emissions. Under natural growth conditions, the global demand for artificial light source will increase to 4,253 Twh in 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of 1.9%. It is the same as motors, industrial boilers, air-conditioning equipment, power electronics, etc. The problem is low. According to the IEA statistics, the average luminous efficiency of artificial light sources in the world in 2005 is only about 50 lm/W. The low-efficiency light sources such as incandescent lamps and T12 fluorescent lamps are still the main products used by consumers. However, various high-efficiency light sources such as T5 fluorescent lamps, LEDs, complex metal lamps, and cold cathode lamps have been developed, and lighting energy conservation has become one of the important development goals of energy conservation.

Among various energy-saving and high-efficiency light sources, LED has always been the focus of attention. In particular, LED technology has grown rapidly in recent years. In the past five years, the luminous growth rate of LED luminous efficiency has reached 56%, and the luminous efficiency of commercial white LED has reached 100lm/W. On the other hand, the increase in technology and the large expansion of production in Asian countries have led to a rapid decline in the unit price of LED products. It is estimated that with the investment of LED R&D resources by governments and manufacturers, the LED luminous efficiency will reach 188lm/W in 2015, far exceeding the existing light source technology, and the cost can be greatly reduced to a new low price of only US$2 per thousand lumens.

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Figure 1 LED technology and cost development trends

Due to the rapid development of LED technology in recent years, the unit price of the product has rapidly declined, which has already achieved a certain market share in the market of frozen lighting, aviation lights and traffic lights. In the general lighting market, including downlights, desk lamps and undercabinet fixtures, spot lighting and landscape lighting products, some products have begun to replace MR-16. Traditional light sources such as incandescent bulbs allow manufacturers to be highly optimistic about the future development of LED lighting.

But behind the optimistic figures, have we ever thought about it. If LED lighting is as good as that of manufacturers and market research organizations, why are incandescent bulbs and T9 fluorescent lamps still our common light source? Why are we not easy to buy LED lighting products?

Is LED lighting really energy efficient?

Energy saving is one of the main advantages of LED lighting in the lighting market. It can often be seen in electronic or print media media: “150W LED street light is 60% more energy efficient than 250W high pressure sodium lamp”; “current white LED luminous efficiency reaches 100 lm/W , has surpassed fluorescent lamps, far beyond incandescent lamps." It seems that the current LED can already replace all lighting sources. However, LED lighting products and the general lighting products commonly used in the past are really energy-saving effects?

For a light source or luminaire, the definition of energy efficiency refers to the luminous flux (in lumens, lm) emitted by the light source or luminaire divided by the input power (in watts, at the input of the rated voltage or current). The comparison value of W), the higher the efficiency value, the more energy-saving effect of the light source or the lamp when it is used.

Lighting products purchased by consumers in general are roughly divided into light sources and lamps. Light sources such as power-saving bulbs, fluorescent tubes, incandescent bulbs. The luminaires, such as recessed lights, downlights, and fluorescent lamps, are composed of components such as a light source, a lamp cover, a reflector, and an electronic control unit (starter/stabilizer). The luminaire is a lighting terminal product, so the real performance of the lighting product needs to be based on the luminaire.

And when analyzing whether two lamps have alternative possibilities, they must be compared under the same lighting quality. For example, a 27W bulb color (2700K ~ 3000K) energy-saving bulb-type downlight fixture, its luminous efficiency is about 60 lm / W, the efficiency of a recessed light fixture is about 38 lm / W, the power consumption of the lamp is about 30W The luminous flux emitted by the luminaire is approximately 1134 lm. To replace it with LED lighting, the same lighting effect must be achieved (that is, the number of lumens emitted by the LED fixture must also reach 1134 lm, and the color temperature must be similar to the original fixture) in order to meet the alternative requirements.

LED lighting product information credibility?

At present, the LED lamp product standard, together with the manufacturer of LED lamps, misunderstands or exaggerates the performance of LED products, and misleads consumers to evaluate the energy-saving benefits of LED lamps. Common states are: (1) The lumen output and the luminous efficiency target are not clearly marked, and the LED light source efficiency is mistakenly planted into an LED bulb or a lamp or efficiency. (2) Energy saving effect is achieved by reducing the input power of the LED lamp, but the light output is lower than the conventional light source and does not meet the basic requirements of the light source replacement. (3) The manufacturer's product label is false or lacks clear information description, overestimating measurement information and exaggerating performance.

According to the results of the fourth round of the Solid State Lighting Product Test (CALiPER Program) announced by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Semiconductor Lighting Program (Solid-State Lighting) in January 2008, it measures 15 LED lighting fixtures. Light output and luminous efficiency, up to 60% of manufacturers claim that product performance is 30% to 600% higher than the actual test results.

When the manufacturer claims that the product characteristics are inconsistent with the actual use of the consumer, it will affect the consumer's confidence in the product, making the market's acceptance of LED lighting products greatly reduced, affecting the long-term development of the market, how to provide complete and correct product information. Instead of using the highest LED light source efficiency as a luminaire and efficiency as an advertising campaign, it is an important issue for manufacturers in the industry.

How to truly measure the energy efficiency of LED lighting

If we further explore whether LED lamps are energy-saving, we must first understand the components inside the LED lamps. Most LED luminaires must be paired with a set of DC power supplies to allow the LED luminaires to emit a steady light. When the current supply is subjected to AC/DC conversion, a lot of power consumption is caused by the switching loss and the bias current, which causes loss of input power.

In general, when LED manufacturers indicate LED luminous efficiency, they are usually based on a ring temperature of 25 ° C, but the actual operation of the LED is much higher than this, plus the heat generated by the LED itself accumulates inside the component, resulting in LED The temperature rises to lower the luminous efficiency of the LED. On the other hand, in order to achieve proper lighting effects, some LED lighting products use external optical mechanisms to change the light emitted by the LEDs, but the use of optical mechanisms also loses some of the light emitted by the LEDs. Therefore, when evaluating the efficiency of LED lamps, it should be considered (1) LED efficiency; (2) power supply loss; (3) loss caused by LED temperature rise; (4) loss caused by secondary optics and lamps.

Is LED lighting really energy efficient?

Is LED lighting really energy efficient? To answer this question, basically consider the product structure of LED lamps. At present, LED lamps basically have two design logics. One is to cut in from the "alternative" angle, and use LED light source to design a traditional incandescent light bulb or LED with the same size as the incandescent bulb or fluorescent tube. The fluorescent tube directly replaces the traditional light source device on the luminaire without modifying the luminaire. The other is to consider thermal management, driver, optical design, LED light source characteristics and lighting requirements, and consider the integration technology to design a different lamp from traditional light sources.

According to DOE's nearly 100 kinds of LED light source and LED lamp test report analysis since 2007, although the range of product performance of various manufacturers has been quite extensive. However, it can be concluded that for the purpose of substitution, LED fluorescent tubes and LED fluorescent lamps have been developed. Regardless of the luminous efficiency and light output, there is still a large distance from the T8 or T5 fluorescent tubes (in the short term). There is little chance of using LEDs instead of fluorescent lamps.

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Figure 2 LED products compared with traditional light sources / lamps

Note: The left picture is MR16 Replacement Fixture, the right picture is A-lamp Replacement Lamps,

The left picture is Fluorescent Replacement lamps, and the right picture is Fluorescent Replacement Fixture.

LED incandescent lamps and LED MR16 lamps are higher in luminous efficiency than conventional light sources, but their light output is too low. In general lighting applications such as main lighting, there is no replacement for traditional light sources. ". If it is forcibly used, it is unreasonable to use only poor lighting quality in exchange for energy saving effects.

LED luminaires designed on the basis of system integration, due to comprehensive consideration of LED thermal management, driver, optics, light source directivity and other characteristics, their product characteristics are superior to LED replacement lamps, and in key lighting or local lighting applications, regardless of Both the light output and the luminous efficiency are superior to those of the conventional light source, and if it is to replace the conventional lamp, it has an energy saving effect.

DOE recently measured the luminous efficiency and light output performance under different light source and luminaire design with 6-inch downlight as shown in Figure 3. Among them, the 12W LED downlights are superior to the 13W energy-saving bulbs in terms of luminous efficiency and light output, but the LED PAR lamps are matched with the traditional lamp structure, and the existing lamp structure, space and other restrictions. Under, the performance is relatively lower than the power saving bulb.

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Figure 3 Comparison of 6-inch downlight characteristics of different light sources

Overall, based on the current technical standards of LED lighting products, whether LED lighting products are more energy-efficient, the key lies in product design, application fields and corresponding traditional light source products. In the field of main lighting applications, LED lighting products are not as cost-effective as fluorescent lighting/lamps in terms of luminous efficiency and light output.

In the market of accent lighting or decorative lighting applications, if you can design LED lamps based on system integration, it is energy-efficient compared to incandescent lamps, and even competes with energy-saving bulbs. However, if LED lamps are designed based on alternative lamps, there is no condition to replace the traditional light source, which is not called “energy saving”. If it is forcibly used, it is unreasonable to use only poor lighting quality in exchange for energy saving effects.

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