Router network interface analysis
Router # show interface e0 / 0
Ethernet0 / 0 is up, line protocol is down
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0009.4375.5e20 (bia 0009.4375.5e20)
Internet address is 192.168.1.53/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
reliability 172/255, txload 3/255, rxload 39/255
EncapsulaTIon ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP TImeout 04:00:00
Last input never, output 00:00:07, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size / max / drops / flushes); Total output
drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size / max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits / sec, 0 packets / sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits / sec, 0 packets / sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 input packets with dribble condiTIon detected
50 packets output, 3270 bytes, 0 underruns
50 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
50 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
(1) Interface and activity status
In the above display, the content indicates that the hardware interface is active, and the software process that handles the line protocol believes that this interface is available. If the router operator disassembles this hardware interface, the first field will display the message is administraTIvely down. If the router receives more than 5000 errors during the active interval, the word Disabled will appear in this field to show that even the router automatically disabled port. The line protocol field also displays one of the three previously mentioned descriptions: up, down, administratively down. If the field item is up, it means that the processing line protocol and the software process believe that this interface is available because she is receiving keepalives for the same purpose , Other devices can determine whether an idle connection is still active. For the Ethernet interface, the default value of Keepalives is 10s. We will soon notice that Keepalives settings can be obtained by using the show interfaces command for specific interfaces. You can use the keepalive interface command to change the keepalives setting. The format of this command is as follows: Keepalive seconds
(2) The hardware field provides you with the hardware type of the interface
In the above example, the hardware is CISCO Extension Bus (CxBus) Ethernet, which is the 533-Mbps data bus of the interface processor. Therefore, the hardware informs us that the high-speed CxBus interface processor is used to support the Ethernet connection. Also note that the display field includes the Mac address of the interface. Mac is 48 bits long. Because the first 24 bits of the Mac address represent the manufacturer ID, the hexadecimal number 00-10-79 is the identifier assigned to Csico by IEEE.
(3) Internet address
If an interface is configured for IP routing, it will be assigned an Internet address. Behind this address is his subnet mask. The IP address is 205.141.192.1/24. The back slash (/) indicates that the first 24 bits of this address indicate the network, which is equal to the subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
(4) MTU
The maximum transmission unit (MTU) represents the maximum number of bytes supported by the information field of the protocol running on the interface. Because the maximum length of the information field of the Ethernet frame is 1500 bytes, its MTU is displayed as 1500 bytes. For almost all Ethernet applications, the default MTU of 1500 bytes should be valid. For Token Ring, the default MTU value is 8192 bytes; however, it should be noted that RFC1191 recommends the MTU value of 16-Mbps token ring to select 17914, and 4-464 Token Ring to select 4464 bytes. The minimum MTU is 64 bytes, and the maximum value is 65535 bytes. If the IP datagram exceeds the maximum MTU, it will be fragmented, which will add additional overhead, because each last datagram contains its own header. Although in a high-speed LAN connection, there is usually no need to worry about the extra overhead related to segmentation, but on a low-speed serial interface, this may be a more serious problem. You can use the MTUinterface command to change the default MTU, the format of this command is as follows:
mtu bytes
The number of bytes can be from 64 to 6553.
(5) BW
Interface bandwidth (BW) usually refers to the operating speed of the interface, expressed in kilobytes per second. Because the Ethernet operating rate is 10Mbps, the BW value is displayed as 10 000Kb.
You can use the Bandwidth command to set the information bandwidth value, but it is not actually used to adjust the bandwidth of the interface, because for certain types of media, such as Ethernet, the bandwidth is fixed. For other media, such as serial lines, the operating speed is usually adjusted by adjusting the hardware. For example, by setting different clock rates on the DSU / CSU to increase or decrease the operating speed of the serial interface. Therefore, the main purpose of the bandwidth command is to communicate the current bandwidth with higher-level protocols. The bandwidth value can be set by the following command format. Thousands indicate the bandwidth expressed in thousands of bits per second. Bandwidth kilobits
(6) DLY
This field indicates the delay of the interface, expressed in microseconds. The delay of Ethernet (DLY) is 1000s. You can use the delay interface command to set the delay value for the interface. The format of this command is as follows:
delay tens-of-microseconds
(7) Reliability
The reliability field indicates the reliability of the interface, expressed in fractions of 255. The value displayed in this field is calculated from the power average value within 5 minutes. Because Ethernet calculates the CRC for each frame, reliability is based on the CRC error rate, not the bit error rate. 255/255 means that the interface is 100% reliable within 5 minutes.
Although there is no reliability command, an important command that can be considered for regular use is the clear conuter EXEC command. The function of this command is to clear or reset the interface counter. The general format of this command depends on the router being used. Shown below is the second format for Cisco7000 series products:
clear counter [type number]
clear counter [type slot / port]
type indicates a specific interface type. If you do not specify a specific interface, all interface counters are cleared.
(8) Load
Both the sending and receiving loads on the interface are shown as a fraction of 255. Similar to the reliability field, the load field also calculates the power average value within 5 minutes. As can be seen from the above, the transmit (Txload) load is expressed as 3/255, while the receive (rxload) load is 39/255. Because the Ethernet operating rate is 10 Mbps, a general indication of interface activity can be obtained by multiplying each fraction by the operating rate. This is because each Ethernet frame has at least 26 extra bytes, and when the information field is less than 45 bytes, the PAD character will be added to the information field.
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